SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="AZD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="AZD (disambiguation)">AZD</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Al-Azd<br><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْأَزْد</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"><a href="Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite Arab Tribe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Banner of the Azd from the <a href="Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data">Arabian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Nisba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Al-Azdī (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْأَزْدي</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>, <a href="Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Paganism</a>, <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Azd</b> (<a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: أَزْد), or <b>Al-Azd</b> (<a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: ٱلْأَزْد), is an ancient <a href="Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabian tribe</a>. The lands of Azd occupied an area west of <a href="Bisha" title="Bisha">Bisha</a> and <a href="Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">Al Bahah</a> in what is today <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</h3></div>

<p><a href="Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic</a> inscriptions, specifically <a href="Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> inscriptions from <b><a href="Sha'r_Awtar" title="Sha'r Awtar">Sha'r Awtar's</a></b> reign (<a href="210" title="210">210</a>-<a href="230" title="230">230</a> CE), indicate that the land of Azd extended west of <a href="Bisha" title="Bisha">Bīsha</a>, in the south-western heights of <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, stretching between the regions of <a href="Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">al-Bāḥa</a> and <a href="'Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">ʿAsīr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eve_of_Islam">Eve of Islam</h3></div>

<p>Al-Azd's land during the eve of <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was comparable to that of the contemporary Azd Sarāt, stretching from <a href="Bisha" title="Bisha">Bīsha</a> to the <a href="Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihāma shores</a>, the southern limit being approximately <a href="Al-Namas" title="Al-Namas">al-Nimāṣ</a> and the northern one the modern town of <a href="Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">al-Bāḥa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In ancient times, Al Azd inhabited modern day provinces of <a href="'Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">'Asir Province</a> and <a href="Al-Bahah_Province" title="Al-Bahah Province">Al-Bahah Province</a> in modern-day <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, bordering <a href="Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> in modern-day <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. the Azd tribe have always inhabited the <a href="Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarawat Mountains</a> in <a href="Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>; <a href="Azd_Shanua" title="Azd Shanua">Azd Shanū’ah</a> (<a href="Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahran</a> & <a href="Ghamd_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghamd (tribe)">Ghamid</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bariq" title="Bariq">Bariq</a> inhabited <a href="Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>; and Azd Mazin (<a href="Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Al Ansar</a> & <a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>) inhabited two different regions, where the <a href="Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansaris</a> settled in <a href="Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, while the <a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> settled in the far north of the <a href="Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemeni_Folklore">Yemeni Folklore</h3></div>

<p>According to traditional medieval Yemeni folklore, the Azd tribal group originally lived in Yemen, until the collapse of the <a href="Ma'rib_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib Dam">Ma'rib Dam</a> when they began emigrating to other parts of the <a href="Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> due to the living conditions becoming unfavourable. This large movement out of Yemen has been dated to the late 3rd century CE.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropological_and_Genetic_Background">Anthropological and Genetic Background</h2></div>

<p>A genetic haplogroup often associated with Azdite tribes, J-BY74, has been indicated to have originated in <a href="Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Northern Arabia</a> or the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2></div>

<p>In the 3rd century C.E., the Azd branched into four sub-branches, each led by one of the sons of <a href="Muzayqiya" title="Muzayqiya">Muzayqiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imran_Bin_Amr">Imran Bin Amr</h3></div>

<p>Imran bin Amr and the bulk of the tribe went to Oman, where they established the Azdi presence in <a href="Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>. Later they invaded <a href="Karaman" title="Karaman">Karaman</a> and <a href="Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in Southern <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, and these came to be known as "Azd Daba". Another branch headed west back to Yemen, and a group went further west all the way to <a href="Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> on the <a href="Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. This group was to become known as "Azd Uman" after the emergence of Islam.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jafna_bin_Amr">Jafna bin Amr</h3></div>

<p><a href="Jafnah_ibn_Amr" title="Jafnah ibn Amr">Jafna bin Amr</a> and his family headed for <a href="Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, where he settled and initiated the kingdom of the <a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>. They were so named after a spring of water where they stopped on their way to Syria. This branch was to produce:

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Ghassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid">Ghassanid</a> dynasty in Syria</li>

<li>A Roman Emperor (<a href="Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>, a <a href="Ghassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid">Ghassanid</a> Arab from Syria, who ruled 244–249 C.E.)</li>

<li>A Byzantine dynasty (the Byzantine Emperor <a href="Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a>, also known as the "Syrian", ruled from 717 to 741 C.E.)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thalabah_bin_Amr">Thalabah bin Amr</h3></div>

<p>Thalabah bin Amr left his tribe for the Hijaz, and dwelt between Thalabiyah and <a href="Dhi_Qar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhi Qar">Dhi Qar</a>. When he gained strength, he headed for <a href="Yathrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Yathrib">Yathrib</a>, where he stayed. Of his seed are the <a href="Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aws</a> and <a href="Khazraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazraj">Khazraj</a>, sons of Haritha bin Thalabah. These were to be the Muslim <a href="Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> and were to produce the last Arab dynasty in Spain (the <a href="Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrids</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haritha_bin_Amr">Haritha bin Amr</h3></div>

<p>Haritha bin Amr led a branch of the Azd Qahtani tribes. He wandered with his tribe in the Hijaz until they came to the Tihamah. He had three sons Adi, Afsa and Lahi. Adiy was the father of <a href="Bariq" title="Bariq">Bariq</a>, Lahi the father of <a href="Banu_Khuza'a" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Khuza'a">Khuza'a</a> and Afsa, the father of Aslam.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<pre> Azd

.--------------+------------.

| |

Mazin Shahnvah

| |

.----------+----------. .--------+-----------.

| | | | | |

| | | Samala (Banu) Daws Haddan

Thalabah Haritha Jafna

| | (Ghassanids/The Ghassinids)

.--+----. |

| | |_________________

(Banu) Aws (Banu) Khuza'a/Khazraj |

.-----+---+----------.

| | |

Adi Afsa Lohay

| | |

Bariq Aslam (Banu) Khuza'a

| |

Salaman Mustalik

</pre>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zahran">Zahran</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahran tribe</a></div>

<p>The Zahran tribe is an <a href="Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">ancient Arabian</a> offshoot of the Azdi tribe.

</p>

<p>The Azd 'Uman were the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern realms of the <a href="Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> and were the driving force in the conquest of <a href="Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, <a href="Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> and <a href="Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. They were the chief merchant group of <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="Al-Ubulla" title="Al-Ubulla">Al-Ubulla</a>, who organized a <a href="Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trading diaspora</a> with settlements of Persianized Arabians on the coasts of Kirman and Makran, extending into Sindh since the days of <a href="Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were strongly involved in the western trade with India, and with the expansion of the <a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a>, they began to consolidate their commercial and political authority on the eastern frontier. During the early years of the <a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a>, the Azdi ports of <a href="Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> were staging grounds for Muslim naval fleets headed to Fars (Persia) and Hind (India). From 637 C.E., the conquests of Fars and Makran were dominated by the Azdi and allied tribes from Oman. Between 665 and 683 C.E., the Azdi 'Uman became especially prominent due in Basra on account of favors from <a href="Ziyad_ibn_Abihi" title="Ziyad ibn Abihi">Ziyad ibn Abihi</a>, the Governor of <a href="Mu'awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a>, and his son Ubaidullah. When a member of their tribe Abu Said <a href="Mohalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohalib">Al- Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra</a> became governor their influence and wealth increased as he extended Muslim conquests to <a href="Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> and <a href="Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, where so many other Azdi were settled. After his death in 702, though, they lost their grip on power with the rise of <a href="Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a> as governor of <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Al-Hajjaj pursued a systematic policy of breaking <a href="Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> power, as a result of which the Azd also suffered. With the death of Hajjaj and under <a href="Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik</a> as <a href="Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, their fortunes reversed once again, with the appointment of <a href="Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Yazid ibn al-Muhallab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influential_people_or_branches">Influential people or branches</h2></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Banu Tanukh</a></li>

<ul><li>The <a href="Bani_Sakher" title="Bani Sakher">Bani Sakher</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Banu <a href="Ma'an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a> (part of the Tanukhi tribal Confederation)</li>

<li>The <a href="Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> dynasty of <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Said">Al Said</a> dynasty of <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Al_Nahyan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Nahyan family">Al Nahyan</a> dynasty of <a href="Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> in what is now the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li>

<li><a href="Al_Maktoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Maktoum">Al Maktoum</a> dynasty of <a href="Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawood</a>, collector of <i>a<a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuthayyir" title="Kuthayyir">Kuthayyir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab poet</li>

<li><a href="J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a>, the co-founder of the <a href="Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> sect of <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghamid">Ghamid</a></li>

<li><a href="Bani_Shehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Shehr">Bani Shehr</a></li>

<li><a href="Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahran</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></li>

<li>Tribe of <a href="Bariq" title="Bariq">Bariq</a></li>

<li><a href="Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (historicity uncertain; may also have been a non-Arab <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="Mawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawali">mawla</a></i></span> or 'client' of the Azd)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Hudhayfah_al-Bariqi" title="Hudhayfah al-Bariqi">Hudhayfah al-Bariqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khalil_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalil ibn Ahmad">Khalil ibn Ahmad</a></li>

<li><a href="Urwah_al-Bariqi" title="Urwah al-Bariqi">Urwah al-Bariqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Arfaja_al-Bariqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arfaja al-Bariqi">Arfaja al-Bariqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Humaydah_al-Bariqi" title="Humaydah al-Bariqi">Humaydah al-Bariqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Al-Thahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Banna">Ibn al-Banna</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamilah_bint_Adwan" title="Jamilah bint Adwan">Jamilah bint Adwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Asma_bint_Adiy_al-Bariqiyyah" title="Asma bint Adiy al-Bariqiyyah">Asma bint Adiy al-Bariqiyyah</a></li>

<li><a href="Al_Muhallab_ibn_Abi_Suffrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah">Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Mu'aqqir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'aqqir">Mu'aqqir</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimah_bint_Sa'd" title="Fatimah bint Sa'd">Fatimah bint Sa'd</a></li>

<li><a href="Suraqah_al-Bariqi" title="Suraqah al-Bariqi">Suraqah al-Bariqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Al-Thahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Banu Khazraj</a></li>

<li><a href="'Asir_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Region">Billasmar</a> (Al-Asmari)</li>

<li><a href="Jamilah_bint_Adwan" title="Jamilah bint Adwan">Jamilah bint Adwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Amr_ibn_Khalid" title="Amr ibn Khalid">Amr ibn Khalid</a></li>

<li><a href="Umm_al-Khair" title="Umm al-Khair">Umm al-Khair</a></li>

<li>Al-<a href="Dawasir" title="Dawasir">Dawasir</a></li>

<li>Al-<a href="Al-Balushi" title="Al-Balushi">Balush</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">Al-Tahawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Fadl_ibn_Shadhan" title="Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan">Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan</a> of <a href="Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar (caste)</a>, India</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Adnanites" title="Adnanites">Adnanite</a> <a href="Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishamelite Arabs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFbury1958" class="citation book cs1">bury, john (January 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxWifqqPtUcC&pg=PP1"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian, Part 2</i></a>. courier dover publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780486203997</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jérémie Schiettecatte, Mounir Arbach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01388356/document">The political map of Arabia and the Middle East in the 3rd century AD revealed by a Sabaean inscription – a view from the South.</a> Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 2016, 27 (2), pp.176-196. 10.1111/aae.12071 . halshs-01388356</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STRENZIOK 1960: 834</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210053741/https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297">"تأريخ مكّة دراسات في السياسة والعلم والاجتماع والعمران"</a>. 2020-02-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297">the original</a> on 2020-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFبيطار" class="citation web cs1">بيطار, أمينة. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arab-ency.com.sy/details//">"الموسوعة العربية |"</a>. <i>الموسوعة العربية</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUrasinWaasNogueiroKull2019" class="citation journal cs1">Urasin; Waas; Nogueiro; Kull (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332412562">"Haplogroup J-Z640: genetic insight into the Levantine Bronze Age"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. <q>Based on the geographic dispersal, evidenced by the GIS analysis (Figure 3), the most likely area in which J-Z640 originated in is the Levant. This corresponds with other studies researching J-P58, an ancestral SNP to J-Z640 [25].The most likely alternative based on the GIS analysis was the Arabian Peninsula.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFعلي/المسعودي2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">علي/المسعودي, أبي الحسن علي بن الحسين بن (2012-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoZ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190"><i>مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر 1-4 ج2</i></a> (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 204.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yROvV2N0QMC&dq=Bariq+Khuza'a+azd&pg=PA92"><i>Constructing Al-Azd: Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries</i></a>. p. 92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-549-63443-0</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wxuAAAAMAAJ&q=azd+khuzaa"><i>The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During the Period of the Umayyads (40/660-132/749)</i></a>. Al-Jamea's Press. 1978. pp. 35, 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wink1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wink1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wink1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wink pg 51-52;"<i>It is not accident that, among the Arabs, the Tribe of the Azd 'Uman were instrumental in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sind, and that for some time they became the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern caliphate.</i>"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> <i>wafayat alayan</i> p. 524. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alwaraq.net">alwarraq edition</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>. <a href="#CITEREFRuska1923">Ruska 1923</a>, p. 57 still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al-Azdi to be false, but later sources (from <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a> on) assume its authenticity.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_used">Sources used</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFForster2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forster, Regula (2018). "Jābir b. Ḥayyān". In Fleet, Kate; <a href="Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, Eric J.</a> (1927). "An Essay on Jābir ibn Ḥayyān". In <a href="Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (ed.). <i>Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie: Festgabe <a href="Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann" title="Edmund Oscar von Lippmann">Edmund O. v. Lippmann</a></i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>37. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_5">10.1007/978-3-642-51355-8_5</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-51236-0</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRuska1923" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292">"Über das Schriftenverzeichnis des Ǧābir ibn Ḥajjān und die Unechtheit einiger ihm zugeschriebenen Abhandlungen"</a>. <i>Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>67. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292">20773292</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFStrenziok1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strenziok, G. (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/azd-SIM_0946">"Azd"</a></span>. In <a href="H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">811–</span>813. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Andre (2002). <i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-391-04173-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Historical_Arab_tribes159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical <a href="Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab tribes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>These prefixes are ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Adnanites" title="Adnanites">Adnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Amila" title="Banu Amila">Amila</a></li>

<li><a href="Anmar" title="Anmar">Anmar</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Aslam" title="Banu Aslam">Aslam</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a>

<li><a href="Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bariq" title="Bariq">Bariq</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghamd" title="Ghamd">Ghamd</a></li>

<li><a href="Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bajila" title="Bajila">Bajila</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Haram_(tribe)" title="Al-Haram (tribe)">Al-Haram</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Hudhayl" title="Banu Hudhayl">Hudhayl</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Judham" title="Banu Judham">Judham</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a></li>

<li><a href="Kahlan" title="Kahlan">Kahlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Khath'am" title="Khath'am">Khath'am</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Khuza'ah" title="Banu Khuza'ah">Khuza'a</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Mustaliq" title="Banu Mustaliq">Mustaliq</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinana" title="Kinana">Kinana</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Bakr_ibn_Abd_Manat" title="Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat">Bakr ibn Abd Manat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Damrah" title="Banu Damrah">Damrah</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Ghifar" title="Banu Ghifar">Ghifar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Jadhimah" title="Banu Jadhimah">Jadhima</a></li>

<li><a href="Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Abd-Shams" title="Banu Abd-Shams">Abd-Shams</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Umayya</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Hashim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbas</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Jumah" title="Banu Jumah">Jumah</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Zuhrah" title="Banu Zuhrah">Zuhra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kinda</a></li>

<li>Khuthir</li>

<li><a href="Banu_Lahyan" title="Banu Lahyan">Lihyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Lakhm" title="Banu Lakhm">Lakhm</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhhaj" title="Madhhaj">Madhhaj</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_al-Hakam" title="Banu al-Hakam">Banu al-Hakam</a></li>

<li><a href="Nukha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukha (tribe)">Nukha</a></li>

<li><a href="Zubaid" title="Zubaid">Zubaid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maqil" title="Maqil">Maqil</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Muzaina" title="Banu Muzaina">Muzayna</a></li>

<li><a href="Anizah" title="Anizah">Anizah</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Dhuhl" title="Banu Dhuhl">Banu Dhuhl</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Hanifa" title="Banu Hanifa">Hanifa</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Shayban" title="Banu Shayban">Shayban</a></li>

<li><a href="Taym_Allah" title="Taym Allah">Taym Allah</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Yashkur" title="Banu Yashkur">Banu Yashkur</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taghlib" title="Taghlib">Taghlib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Ghatafan" title="Ghatafan">Ghatafan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Dhubyan" title="Banu Dhubyan">Dhubyan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Fazara" title="Banu Fazara">Fazara</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Murra" title="Banu Murra">Murra</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawazin" title="Hawazin">Hawazin</a>

<li><a href="Banu_Thaqif" title="Banu Thaqif">Thaqif</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Hilal</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Uqayl" title="Banu Uqayl">Uqayl</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khafaja" title="Khafaja">Khafaja</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Kilab</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Qushayr" title="Banu Qushayr">Qushayr</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Sulaym</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Ghani" title="Banu Ghani">Ghani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bahila" title="Bahila">Bahila</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Muharib" title="Banu Muharib">Muharib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedar</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Bahra'" title="Bahra'">Bahra'</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_al-Qayn" title="Banu al-Qayn">Balqayn</a></li>

<li><a href="Juhaynah" title="Juhaynah">Juhaynah</a></li>

<li><a href="Salihids" title="Salihids">Salih</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banu_al-Samayda" title="Banu al-Samayda">al-Samayda</a></li>

<li><a href="Bani_Shehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Shehr">Shehr</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Shuja" title="Banu Shuja">Shuja</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Tamim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banu_Hanzala" title="Banu Hanzala">Hanzala</a></li>

<li><a href="Banu_Sa'd_ibn_Zayd_Manat" title="Banu Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat">Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tanukh" title="Tanukh">Tanukh</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrah</a>

<li><a href="Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yaman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of Arab tribes</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Azd&oldid=1294884648">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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